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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the correlation between the incidence of birth defects and the contents of soil elements so as to provide a scientific basis for screening the related pathogenic factors that inducing birth defects for the development of related preventive and control strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MapInfo 7.0 software was used to draw the maps on spatial distribution regarding the incidence rates of birth defects and the contents of 11 chemical elements in soil in the 33 studied areas. Variables on the two maps were superposed for analyzing the spatial correlation. SAS 8.0 software was used to analyze single factor, multi-factors and principal components as well as to comprehensively evaluate the degrees of relevance.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Different incidence rates of birth defects showed in the maps of spatial distribution presented certain degrees of negative correlation with anomalies of soil chemical elements, including copper, chrome, iodine, selenium, zinc while positively correlated with the levels of lead. Results from the principal component regression equation indicating that the contents of copper(0.002), arsenic(-0.07), cadmium(0.05), chrome (-0.001), zinc (0.001), iodine(-0.03), lead (0.08), fluorine(-0.002)might serve as important factors that related to the prevalence of birth defects.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Through the study on spatial distribution, we noticed that the incidence rates of birth defects were related to the contents of copper, chrome, iodine, selenium, zinc, lead in soil while the contents of chrome, iodine and lead might lead to the occurrence of birth defects.</p>
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Congenital Abnormalities , Epidemiology , Environmental Monitoring , Geography , Prevalence , Soil , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop the national neglect norms for urban primary school students in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to multi-stage stratified cluster sampling principle, 24 cities of 13 provinces (municipalities) in China were selected during December 1 to 31, 2008. A total of 1491 students in grade 1 - 3 and 2236 students in grade 4 - 6 were selected. Questionnaire was designed by authors and the final norms were determined through several statistical analysis methods, such as item analysis method, factor analysis method, reliability analysis method. The reliability analysis and validity analysis were used to test the stability and reliability of the norms. The evaluation criteria of the scale was determined by the percentile method, then the initial development of the norm was completed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The two questionnaires of grade 1 - 3 and grade 4 - 6 students consisted of 55 and 57 items, respectively, whose item loadings were ranged from 0.301 to 0.687 and 0.321 to 0.730, which met the statistical requirements. For grade 1 - 3 students, the scale's total Cronbach α coefficients was 0.914, the total split-half reliability coefficients was 0.896, the Cronbach α coefficients of four level was above 0.737 except medical and social neglect, split-half reliability was ranged from 0.461 to 0.757; for grade 4-6 students, the scale's total Cronbach α coefficients was 0.916, split-half reliability was 0.883, except social neglect, the Cronbach α coefficients of other level was ranged 0.457 to 0.856, split-half reliability was ranged from 0.500 to 0.798. The total neglect cut-off score of the two scales grade 1-3 and 4-6 were 125 and 155, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The structure of two norms was reasonable. The scales have good stability and reliability.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Child Abuse , China , Epidemiology , Reproducibility of Results , Schools , Students , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 - 12 in Wushan and Fengjie counties of Chongqing and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease.MethodsTwenty townships(towns) in Fengjie county and 18 in Wushan county were selected as survey points by random cluster sampling in 2010.Dental fluorosis of all the children aged 8 - 12 was examined with Dean index.The detection rate of children's dental fluorosis,defect rate and dental fluorosis index were compared between the two counties.Results Totally 38 209 children aged 8 - 12 were investigated.The total detection rate of dental fluorosis was 43.09％( 16 466/38 209) in the two counties.The detection rates of dental fluorosis in Wushan and Fengjie were 48.98％ (9397/19 186)and 37.16％(7069/19 023),respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(x2 =544.03,P ＜ 0.01 ).Total detection rates of dental fluorosis of the five age groups(8,9,10,11,and 12-year-old age groups) were 32.52％(2157/6632),40.07％(2672/6668),43.67％(3420/7831 ),46.01％ (3861/8391) and 50.14％ (4356/8687),respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =510.50,P ＜ 0.01),Dental fluorosis indexes in Wushan and Fengjie were 0.713 and 0.485,respectively.Defect rates of dental fluorosis in Wushan and Fengjie were 4.05％ (777/19 186) and 1.57％(298/19 023),respectively.Conclusions The total detection rate of dental fluorosis of the two counties is still high,which gradually increases with age.Wushan is still an endemic area of dental fluorosis,and Fengjie is at the edge of the
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Objective To explore the risk factors of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis (endemic fluorosis) and to provide a scientific basis for making prevention and control strategy.Methods One hundred children with dental fluorosis and 30 adults with skeletal fluorosis who lived in Wushan county and Fengjie county,the endemic fluorosis regions northeast of Chongqing were randomly selected as the case group in 2010.One hundred healthy children and 30 healthy adults were selected from the population where the cases were selected from as the control group and 30 healthy external adults control were selected from Yubei district,a non-endemic fluorosis area.Fasting venous blood was draw from all subjects and the content of zinc (Zn),copper(Cu),calcium (Ca),magnesium(Mg),and ferrum(Fe) in venous blood was measured by atomic spectrophotometric.Instant urine was collected from all subjects and urinary fluorine was measured by fluorine selective electrode.We also did questionnaire survey to 100 dental fluorosis children and 100 control children about their situation of fluorine pollution and knowledge related to endemic fluorosis.Results Children's blood Zn of the ease group[(70.88 ±9.28) μmol/L] was lower than that of the control group [(75.53 ± 10.78)μmol/L],and the difference was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).But the average blood Cu content[(30.28 ± 2.58)μ mol/L] and the average urinary fluorine of the case group [(0.74 ± 0.36)mg/L] were significantly higher than that [Cu (28.45 ± 4.05)μmol/L and urinary fluorine (0.48 ± 0.21)mg/L] of the control group in children,respectively,and the differences was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).The average blood Zn content of adults in the case group[(91.13 ± 10.29)μ mol/L] was lower than that of the control group[(99.57 ± 11.73)μmol/L],and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The average content of Mg[(1.57 ± 0.19)mmol/L],Fe[(8.17 ± 1.01) mmol/L] and urinary fluorine[(2.37 ± 1.01)mg/L] in the case group were higher than that [Mg(1.46 ± 0.16) mmol/L,Fe(7.72 ± 0.96) mmol/L and urinary fluorine(0.92 ± 0.85)mg/L] of the control group,respectively,and the differences were statistically significant(P ＜0.05).In the questionnaire survey,we found that the following were important related factors (OR values were 2.7335,0.3339,2.8428,0.4633,0.5439,0.4009,0.4805 and 0.3994,P ＜ 0.05) between the case group and the control group:using local coal for heating,furnaces and stoves improvement,eating local coal fire baked food,knowing the harm of endemic fluorosis to the health of human body,knowing endemic fluorosis can be prevented,knowing consuming baked food can cause endemic fluorosis,knowing drinking milk can prevent endemic fluorosis and having the habit of eating calcium tablets.Conclusions In addition to the main pathogenic element of fluorine,body Zn content is closely related to the process of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in the two counties,fluorosis patients have lower blood Zn levels,Zn deficiency is an auxiliary factor in the etiology of fluorosis.Reduce the use of local coal for heating,do not consume the baked food,improve stoves,learn more knowledge about endemic fluorosis and ingest anti-fluoride elements can reduce the risk of endemic fluorosis.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the differences of whole blood chemical elements and urinary fluorine between patients with endemic fluomsis and patients without endemic fluorosis,and to find out the elements associated with endemic fluorosis and further lay a theoretical basis for clarify the pathogenesis of the disease.MethodsUsing case-control study,100 children aged 8 - 12 with dental fluorosis in Wushan and Fengjie counties of Chongqing from December 2010 to February 2011,and 30 adults with skeletal fluorosis were enrolled as case group; 100 children aged 8 - 12 without dental fluorosis and 30 adults without skeletal fluorosis were enrolled as internal control group; and 50 children without dental fluorosis and 30 healthy adults were selected as external control group in non-epidemic areas in Yubei district.Whole blood copper,zinc,calcium,magnesium,iron and urinary fluorine of all subjects were determined,and differences of these indexes were compared between groups.ResultsThe levels of copper,zinc,calcium,magnesium,iron and urinary fluorine of children in the case group were (30.08 ± 2.83),(74.04 ± 9.75)μmol/L,(1.65 ± 0.29),(1.37 ± 0.17),(6.79 ± 1.27)mmol/L,and (0.73 ±0.37)mg/L,respectively; the levels of these elements of children in internal control group were (28.65 ± 3.96),(72.83 ± 11.35)μmol/L,(1.62 ± 0.27),(1.36 ± 0.18),(6.73 ± 1.22)mmol/L,and (0.48 ± 0.21)mg/L,respectively; in external control group were (32.03 ± 2.99),(77.78 ± 10.85)μmol/L,(1.41 ± 0.11),(1.43 ± 0.13),(7.66 ±0.55)mmol/L,and (0.49 ± 0.26)mg/L,respectively(all P＜ 0.05),the comparison between any two groups indicated the levels of copper,zinc,magnesium,iron of the case group were lower than that of external control group,urinary fluorine was higher than that of internal and external control groups(all P ＜ 0.05).The levels of copper,zinc,calcium,magnesium,iron and urinary fluorine of adult case were (26.93 ± 4.37),(95.89 ± 12.45)μmol/L,(1.50 ± 1.76),(1.56 ± 1.96),(8.15 ± 1.00)mmol/L,and (2.17 ± 0.99)mg/L; internal control group were (26.26 ±4.96),(94.86 ± 12.18)μmol/L,(1.57 ± 0.12),(1.46 ± 0.16),(7.64 ± 1.00)mmol/L,and (1.44 ± 1.22)mg/L;external control group were (26.20 ± 2.96),(96.52 ± 11.11)μmol/L,(1.48 ± 0.14),(1.45 ± 0.16),(7.81 ±0.91 )mmol/L,and (0.55 ± 0.21 )mg/L,respectively.The levels of magnesium,iron and urinary fluorine of case group were higher than that of internal control group,magnesium and urinary fluorine were higher than that of external control group(all P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionsIn vivo anti-fluorine elements are deficient in the areas with endemic fluorosis.Other chemical elements,the environment and genetic factors may be related to the pathogenesisof the disease,which needs a further comprehensive analysis.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To learn the prevalence of birth defects in Chongqing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 6579 children aged 0 - 4 were chosen by multistage cluster sampling method in central economic districts of Chongqing. A total of 32 kinds of birth defects were selected. All the birth defects, except for the visible congenital malformation, must be diagnosed by the hospital in county. And municipal experts would make a consultation for those that couldn't be diagnosed at the level of county. Investigators trained strictly made a body examination and inquired medical history from May to September in 2010.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 6541 subjects, aged from 0 to 4, were recruited in the present study, and 216 of them were born with birth defects. The total prevalence was 33.48‰ (95%CI: 29.09‰-37.87‰). There were 25 kinds of birth defects in total, the first five were hernia (20.15‰), congenital heart disease (2.17‰), polydactylism (2.02‰), cryptorchid (1.86‰) and funnel chest (1.86‰). The prevalence among boys was 52.99‰ (178/3359), higher than girls 12.29‰ (38/3092) (χ2=82.42, P<0.05). The prevalence in each group aged 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 were 39.30‰ (36/916), 38.79‰ (41/1057), 36.46‰ (56/1536), 28.38‰ (47/1656), 27.99‰ (36/1286), respectively. There were no statistical differences in each group (χ2=4.83, P=0.31). The prevalence in countryside was 40.17‰ (136/3386), higher than that in town 26.18‰ (80/3065) (χ2=9.83, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rate of birth defects in Chongqing was moderate, and boys and kids in rural areas had a higher prevalence rate than their counterparts.</p>
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , China , Epidemiology , Congenital Abnormalities , Epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Objective To develop the National Norms of Negligence (NNN) for rural children aged 0 to 35 months.Methods According to multi-stage stratified cluster sampling principle,10 provinces or municipalities (Jilin,Shaanxi,Shanxi,Beijing,Anhui,Jiangsu,Hunan,Hubei,Yunnan,Chongqing) in China were selected.A national research group was formed collaboratively.A questionnaire was designed by ourselves.According to several statistical analysis methods,such as item,factor and reliability analysis etc.we determined the norm.The evaluation criteria of the scale were determined by percentile method.Finally,the reliability and validity of the norm were evaluated.Results In total,2310 children were surveyed,in which the effective sample were 2227,with an effective rate as 96.4％.The scale consisted of 6 neglected dimensions and 65 items in total.The total Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.903,with the split-half reliability coefficient as 0.829,the parallel reliability as 0.720 and the re-test reliability as 0.678,respectively.The total neglect cut-off score of this scale was 139.Conclusion The scale seemed to have perfect stability and reliability and all the statistical indicators met the psychometric demands.
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Objective To learn the current neglected situation and its impact factors on rural children in two provinces in Western China.Methods The investigation was conducted by using multistage stratified cluster sampling method in some parts of the Shaanxi province and the city of Chongqing.Results 1488 subjects,aged from 0 to 6,were recruited in the present study.Results showed that the total prevalence rates of neglected rural children in the two research sites were 31.59％ and 48.32 respectively.No significant difference was found on the prevalence of neglected for boys and girls ( x2 =0.86,U=1.51,P ＞ 0.05 ).The degrees of negligence in the older children showed a significant increase than in the younger children (x2 =13.36,F=33.45,P＜ 0.05 ).The prevalence and degree of negligence in families with three generations were lower than that of a single-parent families and remarried families (H=10.03,F=2.83,P＜0.05).The one-child-families were significantly lower than multiple children families,both in terms of prevalence and degree of negligence.Our data demonstrated the degrees of negligence in children whose parents were away from home,were higher than the children whose parents stayed with them ( x2=30.30,U=6.76,P＜0.05).The degree of negligence in Shaanxi was lower than that in Chongqing (x2=9.42,U=8.40,P＜0.05).Based on multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis,the determinants of stunting among the stranded children were as follows:parents were away from home (OR=1.54,95％ CI:1.20-1.97) ;structure of the family (OR=1.38,95％ CI:1.16-1.65) ; father' s occupation (OR=0.87,95％ CI:0.78-0.97) ; schooling of the children' s mother (OR=1.27,95％CI:1.07-1.52) ; relationship between children and their fathers (OR =1.43,95％ CI:1.07-1.91 ) etc.Conclusion The situation of negligence in children living in the rural areas,were serious in Shaanxi and Chongqing provinces,which called for the strengthening on the publicity and education of the issue.School and the society should also pay more attention to this problem.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop the national neglect norms for rural children aged 3 to 6 years, which are suitable for Chinese situations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling principle, 84 towns of 10 provinces or municipalities were selected in China. Children aged 3 to 6 years were surveyed in November 2010, the sample of analysis were 3240 (of whom males were 49.6% (1608/3240) and the Han nationality were 93.3% (3023/3240)). Questionnaire was designed by authors and deleted items that did not meet the requirements through several statistical analysis methods, such as item analysis method, factor analysis method, reliability analysis method. The reliability analysis and validity analysis were used to test the stability and reliability of the norm. The evaluation criteria of the scale was determined by the percentile method, then the initial development of the norm completed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After deleting inappropriate items by statistical processing, finally, the scale consisted of 57 items, and included 6 neglected dimensions (physical neglect, emotional neglect, educational neglect, safe neglect, medical neglect and social neglect). Its item loadings ranged from 0.359 to 0.789, which met the statistical requirements. The scale's total Cronbach α coefficients 0.904, the total split-half reliability coefficients were 0.820, the 6 neglect dimensions' Cronbach α coefficients ranged from 0.620 to 0.815, the 6 neglect dimensions' split-half reliability coefficients ranged from -0.034 to 0.789, the scale's parallel reliability were 0.785 and it's re-test reliability were 0.613. After construct validity, external validity and content validity testing, the result showed that this scale could effectively reflect the real neglected status of children investigated. The total neglect cut-off score of this scale were 121.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The scale has good stability and reliability. And it adapts Chinese conditions and it's convenient to operate.</p>
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Child Abuse , Diagnosis , China , Psychological Tests , Reproducibility of Results , Rural Population , Sampling Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the status of child neglect among rural areas children aged 0 - 6 years in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 7411 rural children aged 0 - 6 years old who were composed of two age groups (3315 children aged 0 - 2 years old and 4096 children aged 3 - 6 years old) were multistage stratified randomly sampled from 84 villages which were representative of 10 provinces of China, in accordance with sex and age in November 2010. To identify the child neglect based on the Neglect Norms for Children Aged 0 to 2 and 3 to 6 Years Old in Rural Areas of China, SPSS 13.0 was employed for analyzing neglect frequency and degree for every group of different age, sex and neglect type (including physical, emotional, educational, medical, safety and social neglects). χ(2) test and analysis of variance were also used.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The degree of child neglect for the children aged 0 - 2 years old was 45.01 ± 7.56, the neglect frequency was 54.9% (1819/3315); the degree of child neglect for the children aged 3 - 6 years old was 44.42 ± 7.57, the neglect frequency was 53.8% (2203/4096). The neglect frequency of children aged 0, 1, 2 years old were 58.5% (654/1117), 52.2% (597/1144), 53.9% (568/1054) (P < 0.05). For children aged 3 - 6 years old, the degrees of emotional and safety neglect for males (44.60 ± 7.86, 36.82 ± 9.03) were higher than females (44.03 ± 7.72, 36.25 ± 9.05) (P < 0.05); and the frequencies of emotional and social neglect for males (16.8% (349/2072), 28.3% (586/2072)) were also higher than females (14.1% (286/2024), 24.8% (503/2024)) (P < 0.05). All children of two age groups suffered neglect mainly on one of the six neglect types (incidences were 20.6% (683/3315) and 22.7% (931/4096)). For 0-2 age groups, the higher neglect frequencies happened in the single-parent family and the remarried family (62.5% (15/24) and 63.2% (12/19)), but for children aged 3 - 6 years old groups, it happened in the single-parent family (60.0%, 27/45).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Degree and frequency of child neglect among children aged 0 to 6 years old in the rural areas of China are high, and we should find out risk factors and provide efficient prevention measures.</p>
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Child Abuse , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Rural Population , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To learn the current situation of children neglect and its influencing factors among children aged from 0 - 6 years in rural Chongqing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Scales and evaluation methods in the "Chinese rural child neglected evaluation model" were used in this study. The investigation was conducted by using multistage stratified cluster sampling method in December 2010, and 822 rural children aged 0 to 6 years of three districts in Chongqing were randomly select for the survey, with neglect rate and the neglect degree to describe their neglect status, using logistic regression analysis to analyze factors affecting children neglect.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total neglect rate and the neglect degree in the rural children were 35.64% (293/822) and 49.69 ± 6.45, respectively. The neglect degree in boys was higher than that of girls (boys: 50.23 ± 6.40 vs girls: 49.09 ± 6.47, P < 0.05). Further, Our data demonstrated both the neglect rate and the neglect degrees in children whose parents away from home were higher than that of the children whose parents stayed with them (neglect rate: 40.48% (202/499) vs 28.17% (91/323), P < 0.05; neglect degree: 50.64 ± 6.29 vs 48.23 ± 6.44, P < 0.05). Based on multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis, the determinants of children neglect were: parents were away from home (OR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.17 - 2.21), single mother and remarried family (OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.10 - 1.76), maternal occupation(OR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.73 - 0.90), estrangement relationship between children and their mothers (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.02 - 1.97).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The neglect situation of rural children is serious in Chongqing, and the main factors are parents away from home, single mother and remarried family, maternal occupation, and estrangement relationship between children and their mothers.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Child Abuse , China , Rural Population , Sampling Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the children neglect situation of left-behind children (children who do not grow up with their parents) and non-left-behind children in China's western rural and its influencing factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Scales and evaluation methods in the "Chinese rural child neglected evaluation model" were used in this study. The investigation was conducted by using multistage stratified cluster sampling method; three countries were sampled randomly in Shanxi and Chongqing in November 2010, respectively. And, in every county, children from rural area aged from zero to six were randomly selected, with neglect rate and degree to describe their neglected status, using logistic regression analysis to analyze factors affecting the neglect rate.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 1568 subjects (859 left-behind and 709 living-with-parents), the total neglect rates were 29.78% (467/1568), and the total neglect degrees were 48.51 ± 6.49; the neglect rates for left-behind ones and living-with parents ones were 34.34% (295/859) and 24.26% (172/709) (P < 0.05); the neglect degree were 49.59 ± 6.54 and 47.19 ± 6.18 (P < 0.05). The neglect degree among left-behind ones and living-with parents ones between 0 to 2 years old were 48.59 ± 6.33 and 45.78 ± 5.94 (P < 0.05); in 3 to 6 years old group, which were 50.43 ± 6.60 and 48.25 ± 6.16(P < 0.05). The degrees in boy's group of these two kinds of children were 49.83 ± 6.67, 47.36 ± 6.28(P < 0.05) and girl's were 49.32 ± 6.38, 47.01 ± 6.08 (P < 0.05). On the other side, the neglect rate of left-behind and non-left-behind children between 0 to 2 years old were 39.33% (153/389) and 18.54% (56/302) (P < 0.05). The rates of boy's group were 34.91% (162/464) and 25.13% (94/374) (P < 0.05), and girl's were 33.67% (133/395) and 23.28% (78/335) (P < 0.05). Results showed that if the left-behind child's father was with lower education background, and the child and his mother feel stranger to each other, which led to the conclusion there was more chance for them to be neglected (OR values were 1.29 and 1.55, P < 0.05). If the non-neglected child's father was farmer or migrant worker and the relationship between the mother and father was poor, then there was more chance for them to be neglected (OR values were 0.85 and 1.92, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The situation of children neglect in the western rural regions in China is serious. Both the neglect rate and degree among left-behind children are higher than those living-with-parents children. The influencing factors of neglect rate are different in the two groups.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Child Abuse , China , Epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Family , Parents , Rural Population , Surveys and Questionnaires , Transients and MigrantsABSTRACT
Objective To understand the distribution of chemical elements in soil.To investigate the differences between patients under different state of fluorosis and normal population after preventive measurement was implemented to get rid of some chemical elements and to lower the urine fluoride levels so as to illustrate the pathogenesis of the disease.Methods Both ecological and comparative studies had been used to analyze the rates and levels of chemical elements.Teeth and skeletal from the patients with fluorosis and controls were taken and florin ion-selective-electrode method was used to determine urine the content of fluorine.Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used to determine the copper,zinc,calcium,magnesium and iron contents in the whole blood.Differences of contents were analyzed.Results In Wushan county,the soil contents of nickel (r＝0.553,P＝0.050),iodine (r＝0.571,P＝0.041),fluorine (r＝0.303,P＝0.005),pH value (r＝0.304,P＝0.005) and the rates of fluorosis showed weaker positive relationship.In Fengjie county,the soil contents of mercury (r＝0.285,P＝0.001),nickel (r＝0.212,P＝0.00) and the rates of fluorosis also showed weaker positive relationship.In Wushan county,the urine fluoride level in the patients group [(0.64 ± 0.34) mg/L] was higher than that in the control group [(0.44 ± 0.59) mg/L],(P ＜ 0.05).In Fengjie county,copper [(29.63 ± 3.32)μmol/L] and urine fluoride [(0.83 ±0.37)mg/L] levels in the patients group showed higher than that in the control group [(26.76 ± 3.63) μmol/L,(0.53±0.23)mg/L],(P＜0.05).zinc (Zn) [(76.13 ± 11.24)μmol/L],calcium (Ca) [(1.87± 0.25)mmol/L],magnesium (Mg)[(1.41 ±0.18)mmol/L] and fluoride [(0.83 ±0.37)mg/L] levels in urine of the patients in children were higher in Fengjie than that in Wushan [(71.95 ± 7.53) μmol/L,(1.43 ±1.34) mmol/L,(1.34±0.15) mmol/L,(0.64 ±0.34)mg/L],(P＜0.05).Mg [(1.56± 1.96)mmol/L],ferrum [(8.15 ± 1.00)mmol/L] and fluoride [(2.17 ± 0.99)mg/L] levels among adult patients were significantly higher than in the control group [(1.46±0.16) mmol/L,(7.64± 1.00)mmol/L,(1.44±1.22)mg/L] (P＜0.05).Conclusion Soil,rich in alkaline and fluorosis could increase the intake of fluorine while nickel,cadmium,iodine content in soil might relate to the occurrence of fluorosis.Residents living in endemic areas where anti-fluorine elements as Zn,Ca and Mg were in shortage,might be affected by these chemical elements that related with fluorosis.